Chii chinonzi DNS?
Pese paunovhura webhusaiti, isingaoneki dhairekitori sevhisi inoshandura zita rawakanyora munhamba iyo komputa yako inogona kusvika. Heano mashandiro anoita iyo Domain Name System - uye maitiro ekuverenga zvainoburitsa nezve chero domain.
Bhuku refoni reInternet
Makomputa haatsvage nemazita — anobatana ne IP kero. DNS, iyo Domain Name System, ndiro dhairekitori rakagoverwa rinomepu mazita asingakanganwike se example.com kunhamba idzo. Yakagadzirwa muna 1983 chaizvo nekuti yekutanga internet's single host file muStanford yanga isingaite kuchengetedza.
Zvinhu zviviri zvinoita kuti DNS ishamise: ndizvo distributed (hapana muchina mumwe chete anoziva zvese), uye ndizvo cached kwese kwese (mhinduro dzinoyeukwa kwekanguva, saka kutarisisa kunokurumidza). Zvese zviri zviviri zvivakwa zvinogadzira maitiro anoita sisitimu zuva nezuva.
Chii chinoitika panguva yeDNS yekutarisa
Kana bhurawuza yako ichikumbira webhusaiti, cheni yemaseva eDNS anobatana mumamilliseconds mashoma:
# 1. Chishandiso chako chinobvunza chigadzirisi chayo (kazhinji ISP yako, kana 8.8.8.8 / 1.1.1.1) # 2. Mugadziri, kana isina mhinduro yakachengetwa, inofamba neiyo hierarchy: # midzi maseva → ".com" maseva → muenzaniso.com's own name servers # 3. Iyo domain ine mvumo sevha inopindura nemarekodhi chaiwo # 4. Mugadziri anobata mhinduro yeTTL rekodhi uye anopindura kwauri
Iyo yekupedzisira hop - sevha inotaura iyo domain pachayo - ndiyo inorekodha NS (pazasi) inonongedza. Zvese zviri pamusoro apa kungotumwa.
Marekodhi anonyora izvo zvakakosha
A domain's DNS zone idiki dhatabhesi retaipa marekodhi. Aya ndiwo auchasangana nawo chaizvo:
| Type | Zvazvinoita | Muenzaniso |
|---|---|---|
| A | Mepu zita kukero yeIPv4 | example.com → 93.184.216.34 |
| AAAA | Mepu zita kukero yeIPv6 | example.com → 2606:2800::2201 |
| CNAME | Alias: anonongedza zita pane rimwe zita | www.example.com → example.com |
| MX | Masevha etsamba anogashira email yedomeini | 10 aspmx.l.google.com |
| TXT | Mavara emahara: SPF anti-spam, DKIM, humbowo hwevaridzi | "v=spf1 -all" |
| NS | Masevha anemvumo emazita enzvimbo | ns1.examplehost.com |
| CAA | Ndedzipi zvitupa zviremera zvinogona kupa TLS zvitupa | 0 issue "letsencrypt.org" |
| SOA | Zone metadata: yekutanga sevha, kubata, caching nguva | ns1. dns-admin. … |
| PTR | Izvo zvakadzokera kumashure: mepu IP ichidzokera kune zita remugamuchiri | 8.8.8.8 → dns.google |
Zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha kuziva: CNAME ndeye hazvibvumirwi pamudzi weiyo domain (ndosaka example.com inoshandisa A/AAAA marekodhi zvakananga), uye domain ine MX "0 ." ane a null MX - nzira yemaune yekuti "iyi dura inotumira email asi haigamuchire chero".
Caching, TTL uye kuparadzira
Rekodhi rega rega rine a TTL (nguva yekurarama) - nhamba yemasekonzi evanogadzirisa vanogona kushandisazve mhinduro vasati vabvunza zvakare. A 3600-second TTL zvinoreva kusvika paawa ye caching pasi rose; 60-sekondi TTL zvinoreva shanduko dzinoonekwa mukati meminiti.
Izvi ndizvo zvinorehwa nevanhu ne "DNS propagation": hapana kutepfenyura kwekuchinja, ma cache chete anopera nekumhanya kwawo. Pamberi pekutama kwakarongwa, hunyengeri hwekare kudzikisa TTL pachine nguva, kuita shanduko, kuiona ichimhara kwese kwese nekukurumidza, wozosimudza TTL zvakare kuti unakirwe necaching.
Zano rekugadzirisa dambudziko: kana saiti inoremedza vamwe asi isiri yako, yako yemuno solver inogona kuramba yakabata yekare cached mhinduro. Kuchinjisa mudziyo wako ku1.1.1.1 kana kugezesa iyo DNS cache kazhinji inogadzirisa.
Tarisa chero domain's DNS iwe pachako
Iwe haudi maturusi-mutsara wemirairo - browser yedu zvishandiso zvinobvunza Google uye Cloudflare zvinogadzirisa zvinorarama:
- DNS Checker - Dhonza mhando dzese dzerekodhi chero ipi neipi mukudzvanya kumwe chete.
- Domain kune IP - ona chete kero iyo domain inonongedza, ine ruzivo rwekutambira.
- Reverse IP lookup - iyo PTR rekodhi: iyo inodaidza iyo IP mhinduro kune.
Dzidza zvimwe
- Unoda kuziva nezvenhamba dziri kune rimwe divi? Verenga chii chinonzi IP kero kana kuti IPv4 vs IPv6 kuenzanisa.
- Kuongorora mukurumbira weIP? Onai IP blacklists guide.
DNS mibvunzo
Chii chinonzi DNS mumashoko akareruka?
DNS (Domain Name System) ibhuku renhare reinternet: rinoturikira mazita aunogona kutaipa, sekuti example.com, kupinda mumakero eIP makomputa anotobatana nawo. Pasina iyo, iwe unofanirwa kubata nemusoro kero dzenhamba dzewebhusaiti yega yega.
Ndeapi mazita 8.8.8.8 uye 1.1.1.1 kero?
Iwo eruzhinji DNS anogadzirisa anofambiswa neGoogle uye Cloudflare. ISP yako inomhanya imwe nekusarudzika, asi chero munhu anogona kubvunza aya eruzhinji panzvimbo - iwo akasununguka, anokurumidza uye anowanzo kukurumidza kutora DNS shanduko. Yedu DNS maturusi anobvunza ese ari maviri pamusoro peiyo encrypted DNS-pamusoro-HTTPS.
Kuchinja kweDNS kunotora nguva yakareba sei kushanda kwese kwese?
Chero bedzi rekodhi yapfuura TTL (nguva yekurarama). Resolvers cache mhinduro dzenguva yeTTL - masekondi kusvika kumazuva - saka mushure mekugadzirisa rekodhi, vanogadzirisa pasi rese vanoramba vachipa mhinduro yekare kusvika kopi yavo yakavharirwa yapera. Dzikisa TTL pamberi peshanduko yakarongwa kuita kuti switch ikurumidze.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peDNS neIP kero?
IP kero ndiyo nhamba inoratidza mudziyo uri painternet; DNS ndiyo sisitimu inoburitsa mazita asingakanganwike emazita kune iwo manhamba. Domain izita, IP ndiyo kwainoenda, uye DNS ndiyo dudziro pakati pavo.