DNS ni iki?
Igihe cyose ufunguye urubuga, serivise yububiko itagaragara ihindura izina wanditse mumibare mudasobwa yawe ishobora kugera. Dore uko Sisitemu Izina Sisitemu ikora - nuburyo bwo gusoma ibyo itangaza kuri domeni iyo ari yo yose.
Igitabo cya terefone ya interineti
Mudasobwa ntizishakisha izina - zihuza Aderesi ya IP. DNS ,. Sisitemu Izina Sisitemu, ni Ikwirakwizwa ryububiko ryerekana amakarita atazibagirana nka example.com Kuri iyo mibare. Yavumbuwe mu 1983 neza kubera ko interineti ya mbere ya enterineti imwe yakiriye muri Stanford itashobokaga kuyibungabunga.
Ibintu bibiri bituma DNS idasanzwe: ni yatanzwe (nta mashini nimwe izi byose), kandi ni cashe ahantu hose (ibisubizo bibukwa igihe gito, gushakisha byihuse). Ibintu byombi byerekana uburyo sisitemu yitwara umunsi kumunsi.
Ibibaho mugihe cyo gushakisha DNS
Iyo mushakisha yawe isabye urubuga, urunigi rwa seriveri ya DNS ikorana na milisegonda nkeya:
# 1. Igikoresho cyawe kibaza igisubizo cyagenwe (akenshi ISP yawe, cyangwa 8.8.8.8 / 1.1.1.1) # 2. Umwanzuro, niba udafite igisubizo cashe, agenda urwego: # imizi ya seriveri → ".com" seriveri → urugero.com izina ryizina rya seriveri # 3. Seriveri yemewe ya seriveri isubiza hamwe nibyanditswe # 4. Igisubizo gikemura igisubizo cya TTL yinyandiko iragusubiza
Icyizere cya nyuma - seriveri ivuga kuri domaine ubwayo - nicyo NS yanditse (munsi) yerekana. Ibintu byose biri hejuru ni delegasiyo.
Ubwoko bwanditse bufite akamaro
Agace ka DNS zone ni data base yububiko bwanditse. Izi nizo uzahura nazo:
| Andika | Icyo ikora | Urugero |
|---|---|---|
| A | Ikarita izina kuri aderesi ya IPv4 | example.com → 93.184.216.34 |
| AAAA | Ikarita izina kuri aderesi ya IPv6 | example.com → 2606:2800::2201 |
| CNAME | Alias: yerekana izina ku rindi zina | www.example.com → example.com |
| MX | Seriveri zoherejwe zakira imeri ya imeri | 10 aspmx.l.google.com |
| TXT | Inyandiko yubuntu: SPF anti-spam, DKIM, ibyemezo bya nyirubwite | "v=spf1 -all" |
| NS | Izina ryemewe rya seriveri kuri zone | ns1.examplehost.com |
| CAA | Nibihe byemezo abayobozi bashobora gutanga ibyemezo bya TLS | 0 issue "letsencrypt.org" |
| SOA | Zone metadata: seriveri yibanze, itumanaho, igihe cyo gufata igihe | ns1. dns-admin. … |
| PTR | Inyuma: ikarita IP isubira kurizina | 8.8.8.8 → dns.google |
Ibibazo bibiri bikwiye kumenya: CNAME ni ntibyemewe kumuzi ya domaine (niyo mpamvu example.com ikoresha A / AAAA inyandiko itaziguye), hamwe na domaine hamwe MX "0 ." ifite a null MX - inzira nkana yo kuvuga "iyi domeni yohereza imeri ariko ntayo yakira".
Gufata, TTL no kwamamaza
Buri nyandiko itwara a TTL (igihe cyo kubaho) - umubare wamasegonda abakemura ibibazo bashobora kongera gukoresha igisubizo mbere yo kubaza. 3600-isegonda TTL bisobanura kugeza kumasaha yo gufunga kwisi yose; 60-amasegonda 60 TTL bisobanura impinduka zigaragara munsi yiminota.
Ibi nibyo abantu bashaka kuvuga "gukwirakwiza DNS": nta gutangaza impinduka, gusa cashe zirangira ku muvuduko wazo. Mbere yimigambi iteganijwe kwimuka, amayeri ya kera ni ukumanura TTL hakiri kare, gukora switch, kureba ko igwa ahantu hose byihuse, hanyuma uzamure TTL wongere wishimire cishing.
Inama yo gukemura ibibazo: niba urubuga ruremereye kubandi ariko ntirukubereye, uwakemuye hafi arashobora gukomeza gufata igisubizo gishaje. Guhindura igikoresho cyawe kuri 1.1.1.1 cyangwa guhanagura cache ya DNS mubisanzwe irabikemura.
Reba DNS iyariyo yose
Ntukeneye ibikoresho-byumurongo wibikoresho - ibikorwa bya mushakisha byacu bibaza Google na Cloudflare ikemura:
- Umugenzuzi wa DNS - gukurura ubwoko bwanditse bwubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose.
- Indanganturo kuri IP - reba adresse gusa indangarubuga yerekanwe, hamwe nibisobanuro birambuye.
- Hindura IP ishakisha - inyandiko ya PTR: izina IP ibisubizo kuri.
Wige byinshi
- Amatsiko kumibare kurundi ruhande? Soma aderesi ya IP cyangwa i Kugereranya IPv4 vs IPv6.
- Gutohoza izina rya IP? Reba IP urutonde rwabayobora.
Ibibazo bya DNS
DNS ni iki mu magambo yoroshye?
DNS (Domisiyo Izina Sisitemu) nigitabo cya terefone ya interineti: ihindura amazina ushobora kwandika, nkurugero.com, muri aderesi ya IP mudasobwa ihuza. Bitabaye ibyo, ugomba gufata mu mutwe aderesi ya buri rubuga.
Aderesi ya 8.8.8.8 na 1.1.1.1 ni izihe?
Nibisubizo rusange bya DNS bikoreshwa na Google na Cloudflare. ISP yawe ikora imwe muburyo budasanzwe, ariko umuntu wese arashobora kubaza izi rusange aho - ni ubuntu, byihuse kandi akenshi byihuse gufata DNS impinduka. Ibikoresho byacu DNS bibaza byombi hejuru ya DNS ihishe-hejuru ya HTTPS.
Guhindura DNS bifata igihe kingana iki kugirango ukore ahantu hose?
Igihe cyose inyandiko ya TTL yabanjirije (igihe cyo kubaho). Gukemura cache ibisubizo kumwanya wa TTL - amasegonda kumunsi - nuko rero nyuma yo guhindura inyandiko, abakemura isi yose bakomeza gutanga igisubizo gishaje kugeza kopi yabo yabitswe irangiye. Hasi TTL mbere yimpinduka ziteganijwe kugirango uhindure vuba.
Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya DNS na aderesi ya IP?
Aderesi ya IP numubare ugaragaza igikoresho kuri enterineti; DNS ni sisitemu ishushanya amazina atazibagirana kuri iyo mibare. Indangarugero nizina, IP niyo igana, naho DNS nubusobanuro hagati yabo.