Yintoni i-DNS?
Ngalo lonke ixesha uvula iwebhusayithi, inkonzo yesikhokelo engabonakaliyo iguqulela igama olichwethezile kwinani elinokufikelela kwikhompyuter yakho. Nantsi indlela iNkqubo yeGama leDomain esebenza ngayo - kunye nendlela yokufunda oko ikupapashayo malunga nayo nayiphi na indawo.
Incwadi yefowuni ye-intanethi
Iikhompyutha azikhangeli ngamagama — ziqhagamshela ku Iidilesi ze-IP. DNS, i Inkqubo Yegama Lommandla, luluhlu olusasaziweyo olubonisa amagama akhumbulekayo njenge example.com kula manani. Yasungulwa ngo-1983 ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba ifayile yokuqala ye-intanethi ye-intanethi eStanford yayiba nzima ukuyigcina.
Izinto ezimbini ezenza iDNS iphawuleke: injalo isasazwe (akukho matshini mnye wazi yonke into), kwaye kunjalo igcinwe yonke indawo (iimpendulo zikhunjulwe ixesha elithile, ngoko ke ukujonga ngokukhawuleza). Zombini iipropathi zibumba indlela inkqubo eziphatha ngayo imihla ngemihla.
Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha lokukhangela kwe-DNS
Xa isikhangeli sakho sibuza iwebhusayithi, uthotho lweeseva ze-DNS zisebenzisana kwiimilliseconds ezimbalwa:
# 1. Isixhobo sakho sibuza isicombululi saso esiqwalaselweyo (kaninzi ii-ISP zakho, okanye 8.8.8.8 / 1.1.1.1) # 2. Isicombululi, ukuba asinayo impendulo egciniweyo, sihamba ngoluhlu lwemigangatho: # abancedisi beengcambu → ".com" abancedisi → umzekelo.com abancedisi bamagama abawakho # 3. Umncedisi wedomeyini ogunyazisiweyo uphendula ngeerekhodi zokwenyani # 4. Umsombululi ugcina impendulo ye-TTL yerekhodi kwaye akuphendule
I-hop yokugqibela - umncedisi othetha kwi-domain ngokwayo - yiyiphi irekhodi ye-NS (ngezantsi) ikhomba. Yonke into engaphezulu kugunyaziso nje.
Iirekhodi zichwetheza ezibalulekileyo
Indawo yeDNS yedomeyini yindawo encinci yedatha yeerekhodi ezichwetheziweyo. Ezi zezona uya kudibana nazo:
| Uhlobo | Yintoni eyenzayo | Umzekelo |
|---|---|---|
| A | Imaphu yegama ukuya kwidilesi ye-IPv4 | example.com → 93.184.216.34 |
| AAAA | Imaphu yegama ukuya kwidilesi ye-IPv6 | example.com → 2606:2800::2201 |
| CNAME | Alias: ukhomba igama kwelinye igama | www.example.com → example.com |
| MX | Iiseva zemeyile ezifumana i-imeyile yesizinda | 10 aspmx.l.google.com |
| TXT | Isicatshulwa sasimahla: SPF anti-spam, DKIM, ubungqina bobunini | "v=spf1 -all" |
| NS | Iiseva ezigunyazisiweyo zegama lezowuni | ns1.examplehost.com |
| CAA | Ngawaphi amagunya esatifikethi anokukhupha izatifikethi ze-TLS | 0 issue "letsencrypt.org" |
| SOA | Imethadatha yendawo: iseva esisiseko, umfowunelwa, izibali-xesha zecaching | ns1. dns-admin. … |
| PTR | Umva: imephu ye-IP ibuyela kwigama lomamkeli | 8.8.8.8 → dns.google |
Ii-quirks ezimbini zifanelekile ukwazi: i-CNAME yi ayivumelekanga kwingcambu yesizinda (yiyo loo nto example.com isebenzisa iirekhodi ze-A/AAAA ngokuthe ngqo), kunye ne-domain ene MX "0 ." une null MX -indlela yabom yokuthi "le domain ithumela i-imeyile kodwa ayifumani nanye".
I-Caching, i-TTL kunye nokusasazwa
Yonke irekhodi ine a TTL (ixesha lokuphila) — inani lemizuzwana abasombululi banokuphinda basebenzise impendulo phambi kokuba babuze kwakhona. I-TTL ye-3600-yesibini ithetha ukuya kuthi ga kwiyure yokugcina i-caching kwihlabathi jikelele; i-TTL yemizuzwana engama-60 ithetha ukuba utshintsho luvela ngaphantsi komzuzu.
Yiloo nto abantu abathetha ngayo ngokuthi "ukusasazwa kwe-DNS": akukho lusasazo lweenguqu, ii-caches ziphelelwa ngesantya sazo. Ngaphambi kokufuduka okucwangcisiweyo, iqhinga lakudala kukuthoba i-TTL kwangaphambili, wenze utshintsho, uyibukele yonke indawo ngokukhawuleza, emva koko uphakamise i-TTL kwakhona ukonwabela i-caching.
Ingcebiso yokulungisa ingxaki: ukuba indawo ilayishela abanye kodwa ingeyakho, isicombululi sakho sasekhaya sisenokubamba impendulo endala egciniweyo. Ukutshintshela isixhobo sakho kwi-1.1.1.1 okanye ukugungxula i-cache ye-DNS ngokuqhelekileyo kuyilungisa.
Jonga nayiphi na indawo ye-DNS ngokwakho
Awudingi izixhobo zomgca womyalelo-isixhobo sethu sokujonga isikhangeli sibuza kuGoogle kunye nabasombululi beCloudflare bahlala:
- Umhloli weDNS -tsalela lonke uhlobo lwerekhodi lwaso nasiphi na isizinda ngonqakrazo olunye.
- Domain ukuya IP -jonga nje iidilesi kwindawo ekhomba kuyo, kunye neenkcukacha zokubamba.
- Buyisa ujongo lwe-IP - irekhodi ye-PTR: yeyiphi igama lomninimzi iimpendulo ze-IP kuyo.
Funda nzulu
- Ngaba unomdla ngamanani akwelinye icala? Funda yintoni idilesi yeIP okanye i IPv4 vs IPv6 uthelekiso.
- Ukuphanda isidima se-IP? Bona i IP blacklist guide.
Imibuzo ye-DNS
Yintoni i-DNS ngamagama alula?
I-DNS (iNkqubo yeGama leDomain) yincwadi yefowuni ye-intanethi: iguqulela amagama onokuchwetheza, njenge-example.com, kwiidilesi ze-IP iikhompyutha eziqhagamsheleka kuzo. Ngaphandle kwayo, kuya kufuneka unkqaye iidilesi zeenombolo kwiwebhusayithi nganye.
Zeziphi iidilesi zika-8.8.8.8 kunye no-1.1.1.1?
Zizisombululi zeDNS zoluntu eziqhutywa nguGoogle kunye neCloudflare. I-ISP yakho iqhuba enye ngokungagqibekanga, kodwa nabani na unokubuza ezi zikawonke wonke endaweni yoko - zisimahla, ziyakhawuleza kwaye zihlala zikhawuleza ukukhetha utshintsho lweDNS. Izixhobo zethu ze-DNS zibuza ngazo zombini ngaphaya kwe-DNS efihliweyo ngaphezulu kwe-HTTPS.
Utshintsho lwe-DNS luthatha ixesha elingakanani ukusebenza kuyo yonke indawo?
Logama nje irekhodi yangaphambili TTL (ixesha lokuphila). Iimpendulo ze-cache yezisombululo zexesha le-TTL - imizuzwana ukuya kwiintsuku - ke emva kokuba uhlele irekhodi, abasombululi kwihlabathi liphela bahlala benikezela ngempendulo endala de ikopi yabo egciniweyo iphelelwe lixesha. Yehlisa i-TTL phambi kotshintsho olucwangcisiweyo ukwenza utshintsho ngokukhawuleza.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-DNS kunye nedilesi ye-IP?
Idilesi ye-IP yinombolo echonga isixhobo kwi-intanethi; I-DNS yinkqubo eyenza imephu yamagama e-domain akhumbulekayo kuloo manani. I-domain ligama, i-IP yindawo ekusingwa kuyo, kwaye i-DNS yinguqulelo phakathi kwabo.