Liyini Ikheli Le-IP?
Yonke idivayisi ekhuluma ne-inthanethi idinga eyodwa - kodwa liyini ngempela ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi, yini engaveza ngawe, futhi kungani ifoni yakho inamabili awo? Nansi impendulo yesiNgisi esilula.
Incazelo elula
An Ikheli le-IP (Ikheli Lephrothokholi Ye-inthanethi) inombolo ehlukile eyabelwe yonke idivayisi exhumeka kunethiwekhi isebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-inthanethi. Kucabange njengekheli leposi ledatha: uma ucela ikhasi lewebhu, iseva idinga ukwazi kahle ukuthi ilithumela kuphi - futhi ikheli lakho le-IP yilelo lebula oya kulo.
Ikheli le-IPv4 elijwayelekile libukeka kanje: 203.0.113.42. Ikheli le-IPv6 libukeka kanje: 2606:4700:4700::1111. Zombili zenza umsebenzi ofanayo - zikhomba ukuxhumana - ngamanani ahlukene wegumbi. Ungabona ikheli lakho lomphakathi khona manje ikhasi lethu eliyisiqalo; kubonakala ngokushesha lapho ikhasi lilayisha.
Lisebenza kanjani ikheli le-IP
Uma idivayisi yakho ithumela noma yini ku-inthanethi yonkana — usesho, ukusakazwa kwevidiyo, i-imeyili — idatha inqunywa ibe amaphakethe amancane. Iphakethe ngalinye liphethe amakheli amabili enhlokweni yalo: IP yakho (ikheli lokubuyisela) kanye ne-IP yendawo. Amarutha endleleni afunda lawo maheda bese edlulisela iphakethe ngalinye gxuma elilodwa eduze, ngendlela efanayo nehhovisi lokuhlela elihambisa incwadi.
Ngenxa yokuthi amaphakethe anekheli lakho lokubuyisela, impendulo - ikhasi lewebhu, amafreyimu wevidiyo - iyazi indlela yokubuyela kuwe. Alikho ikheli le-IP, akukho ukulethwa.
Amakheli asesidlangalaleni aqhathaniswa ne-IP yangasese
Nakhu lapho kuqala khona ukudideka: amadivayisi akho abe nawo izinhlobo ezimbili yamakheli e-IP ngesikhathi esifanayo.
- I-IP eyimfihlo (yasendaweni). — inikezwe irutha yakho ye-Wi-Fi kudivayisi ngayinye ekhaya lakho: ngokuvamile into efana nale 192.168.1.42 noma 10.0.0.15. Lezi zikhona kuphela ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yakho. Izigidi zezindlu emhlabeni zisebenzisa amakheli angasese afana ncamashi ngaphandle kokungqubuzana.
- I-IP yomphakathi — ikheli Umhlinzeki Wensizakalo yakho Ye-inthanethi (ISP) alinikeza umzila wakho, elimele wonke umndeni wakho ku-inthanethi. Yonke iwebhusayithi oyivakashelayo iyayibona lena. Kuyini ithuluzi lethu lokubheka i-IP imibukiso.
Ukuhumusha phakathi kwalokhu kokubili kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwerutha yakho, ngenqubo ebizwa nge-NAT (I-Network Address Translation). Kungakho ikhompuyutha ephathekayo yakho, ifoni kanye ne-TV konke kuphequlula ngaphansi kwekheli le-IP lomphakathi elilodwa.
Umthetho osheshayo wesithupha: amakheli aqala ngawo 192.168., 10. noma 172.16.–172.31. ziyimfihlo. Noma yini enye oyibona ekhasini lethu eliyisiqalo i-IP yakho yomphakathi.
Lokho okuvezwa yi-IP yakho ngawe
Noma ubani obona ikheli lakho le-IP angathola cishe:
- Indawo okuyo cishe - ngokuvamile idolobha noma isifunda, ngezinye izikhathi nje ihabhu le-ISP yakho yomzila. Zibonele ngowethu Ithuluzi lendawo ye-IP.
- I-ISP yakho nenhlangano - inkampani ephethe ikheli (i-Comcast, i-Orange, i-Vodafone, umhlinzeki wokusingatha…).
- Isithunzi soxhumo lwakho — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikheli livela kugaxekile noma ohlwini oluvinjelwe lokuhlukumeza, noma ngeye-VPN noma ummeleli.
Yini angeke yembula: igama lakho, ikheli lomgwaqo wakho, indawo yakho ye-GPS enembile. I-ISP yakho kuphela engaxhuma i-IP ku-akhawunti yekhasimende, futhi ikwenza lokho kuphela uma kudingeka ngokomthetho. Hlola ukuthi i-IP yakho idalula ini - imiphumela ivamise ukumangaza abantu ngendlela abacashe ngayo.
I-Dynamic vs IPs emile
Abasebenzisi abaningi basekhaya bane- IP eguquguqukayo: I-ISP ikuboleka ikheli isikhashana (isivumelwano sokuqashisa nge-DHCP), bese siyayishintsha. Qalisa kabusha irutha yakho futhi ungase ubuye nekheli elihlukile. A IP emile ayishintshi neze - amabhizinisi azithenga ukuze abambe amaseva, futhi amanye ama-ISP anikezela njengesengezo esikhokhelwayo. Uma uqaphele ukuthi ikheli lakho lishintsha phakathi kokuvakasha kuleli sayithi, lokho kuyisivumelwano sokuqashisa esisebenzayo.
Uyivikela kanjani (noma ufihle) i-IP yakho
Awudingi ukukhathazeka nge-IP yakho - konke ukuxhumana kudinga eyodwa. Kodwa uma ungathanda ukungabelani ngayo:
- I-VPN (Inethiwekhi Eyimfihlo Ebonakalayo) — ihambisa yonke ithrafikhi yakho ngeseva kwenye indawo, ukuze amasayithi abone i-IP ye-VPN esikhundleni seyakho. Inketho enokwethenjelwa kakhulu.
- Amaseva elibamba — kuyefana, kodwa ngokuvamile kukhawulelwe kusiphequluli sakho noma kuhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa. Eziningi ziyabonakala; ungaqinisekisa noma yiliphi ikheli ngethu Ummeleli & Ukuhlolwa kwe-VPN.
- I-Tor - imahhala futhi ingaziwa kakhulu, kodwa ihamba kancane ngokuphawulekayo.
- Qalisa kabusha irutha - Ngama-IP ashukumisayo, ukuvele uxhume kabusha kungase kukunikeze ikheli elisha (yize i-ISP yakho igcina amarekhodi axhuma amadala namasha).
Ufuna ukwazi ukuthi iwebhusayithi ifundani ekuvakasheni kwakho? Skrolela emuva phezulu kwe ikhasi lethu eliyisiqalo - izwe, idolobha kanye ne-ISP ekhonjiswe lapho yisithombe esiphelele.
Imibuzo yekheli le-IP, iphendulwe
Ingabe ikheli lami le-IP liyalibonisa ikheli lami lasekhaya eliqondile?
Cha. Ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi ngokuvamile lingalandelelwa ukuya edolobheni noma esifundeni nakumhlinzeki wakho we-inthanethi, kodwa hhayi emgwaqeni noma endlini yakho. I-ISP yakho kuphela engaxhumanisa i-IP nekhasimende elithile, futhi ikwenza lokho kuphela ngezizathu zomthetho.
Ingabe amadivayisi amabili angaba nekheli le-IP elifanayo?
Ku-inthanethi yomphakathi, cha — amakheli kufanele ahluke. Ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yangasese, amadivayisi amaningi abelana nge-IP yomphakathi eyodwa nge-NAT, kuyilapho ngayinye inekheli layo eliyimfihlo njenge 192.168.1.x. Yingakho umndeni wakho wonke uvela ku-inthanethi ngaphansi kwe-IP yomphakathi eyodwa.
Ingabe kufanele ngifihle ikheli lami le-IP?
Ekuphequluleni kwansuku zonke ngokuvamile asikho isidingo - amawebhusayithi adinga i-IP yakho ukuze athumele idatha kuwe. Uma ufuna ukugwema ukwenza iphrofayela noma ukufinyelela okuqukethwe okukhawulelwe esifundeni, i-VPN ithatha indawo yamawebhusayithi ekheli ayibonayo ifake ehlukile.
Zisho ukuthini izinombolo ezisekhelini le-IP?
Ikheli le-IPv4 like 203.0.113.42 iyinombolo engu-32-bit ebhalwe njengamavelu amane 0–255 abizwa ngokuthi ama-octets. Ingxenye yokuqala ikhomba inethiwekhi, ingxenye yokugcina ihlonza idivayisi kuleyo nethiwekhi — ngokufanayo nendlela ikhodi yeposi kanye nenombolo yendlu kusebenza ngayo ndawonye.